How do behaviorists view aggression
He found that certain stimuli caused the organism to repeat an actmore frequently. He called stimuli with this effect the "reinforcers". Watson found that by providing reinforcement in a systematic way one couldshape the behavior in desired directions.
Link to operant. Teachers have benefited the most from Skinner's fundamental work inreinforcement as a means of controlling and motivating student behavior. Itsvarious applications to classroom practice are commonly called "behaviormodification", a technique that many teachers consider to be one of theirmost valuable tools for improving both learning and behavior of their students.
Classical conditioning is demonstrated when a neutral stimulus acquiresthe eliciting properties of the unconditioned stimulus through pairing theunconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus.
Behavior is controlled byassociation. Operant conditioning is demonstrated when the reinforcing consequencesimmediately following the response increases its future likelihood; aversiveconsequences immediately following the response to decrease its futurelikelihood. In looking for a more direct and effective explanation of thedevelopment of children's social behavior, psychologists sparked the emergenceof observational learning or Social Learning Theory.
Albert Bandurademonstrated that modeling or observational learning is the basis for avariety of children's behaviors. He stated that children acquire many favorableand unfavorable responses by simply watching and listening to others aroundthem. A child who kicks other children after he sees it occurs at thebabysitter's house, a student who shaves her hair because her friends did, andthe boy who is always late for class because others are, are all displaying theresults of observational learning.
Other examples of observational learning include: modeling, imitation,vicarious learning, identification, copying, social facilitation, contagion, androle play. In studying animal behaviors, the term imprinting wasintroduced by Lorenz. Imprinting refers to the appearance of complex behaviorsapparently as a result of exposure to an appropriate object at a critical time. This is demonstrated with newly hatched ducklings which will follow the firstmoving object they encounter and become attached to it usually a mother.
A behaviorally oriented clinician has an interest in the responsepattern itself and the particular situations in which it occurs. He ultilizestechniques that enable the determination of the functional relationship betweenthe maladaptive behavior and the environmental stimuli that are affecting it.
What environmental factors are maintaining those behaviors? What positive reinforcement or punishing events can be used to alterindividual behavior? Applications Commonly used applications by a behaviorist include: positive reinforcement , negative reinforcement , punishment, token economy , self management , extinction , shaping , contracts , time out, and systematic desensitization. Students can redeem these tokens for prizes in many systems.
Commonly used applications by a behaviorist include: positive reinforcement , negative reinforcement, punishment, token economy , self management , extinction , shaping , contracts ,time out, and systematic desensitization. As mentioned, most people attempt to avoid conflict, but when faced with a dispute, most individuals approach the conflict in one of three basic behavioral styles: passive or nonassertive behavior, aggressive behavior, or assertive behavior.
And these genes contain information that produces proteins — which can form in many combinations, all affecting our behavior. The key to personality traits does not lie in how you were treated by your parents, but rather in what you inherited biologically from them: namely, the genes in your DNA. Everyone knows someone with a quick temper — it might even be you.
And while scientists have known for decades that aggression is hereditary, there is another biological layer to those angry flare-ups: self-control. In other words, self-control is, in part, biological.
An acquired characteristic is a non-heritable change in a function or structure of a living organism caused after birth by disease, injury, accident, deliberate modification, variation, repeated use, disuse, misuse, or other environmental influence.
Acquired traits are synonymous with acquired characteristics. The characteristics that an organism inherits from its parents are called traits. No organism has all dominant or all recessive genes. An organism may be pure in certain traits and hybrid others. For the psychodynamic approach, aggression can result from unresolved conflicts, while for the social cognitive approach, exposure to aggressive behavior, along with reinforcement, can encourage children to learn it.
There is no existing scientific evidence to support Freud's theory of aggression, nor can it be empirically investigated. Thus, even though it describes aggression as innate, resulting from a conflict between different structures of the personality, it does not give a concrete source for it, and there is no way to prove or disprove this claim. Also, Freud based most of his work on case studies made largely of pathological, middle class patients of the Victorian era, which makes generalizations to the wider population difficult.
Pervin, His idea of catharsis as a control mechanism for aggression has also been disproved, with more studies showing that opportunities for catharsis increase, rather than decrease, aggression.
In one study, participants who were given shocks and asked to retaliate later showed increased aggression, despite the initial opportunity to retaliate. Geen, Moreover, by suggesting the symbolic release of aggressive drive, he even ascribes nonviolent actions to aggressive motives. Lastly, not only does the psychodynamic perspective ignore the thought processes involved in aggressive behavior, but also the role of the environment and outside provocation.
In claiming that aggressive drive is an innate drive that we cannot eliminate, the psychodynamic approach seems too deterministic and leaves little room for the idea of personal free will. Pajares There are, however, several criticisms of this approach, one being that it is not unified enough. It has also been criticized for being too focused on rational and cognitive aspects of behavior; e.
The Bobo doll experiment itself is controversial, one criticism being that the children who acted aggressively in the experiment tended to be those rated as aggressive anyway, implying that factors such as emotions and personality are ignored by this approach.
Also, it is difficult to generalize its findings to real life, as most experiments are done in a lab. However, some of the research on the relationship between watching violence in the media and real-life aggression supports Bandura. The neo-association theory also depends on experiments for its claims, with only co-relational data for real-life aggression. Ethical constraints limit field studies as exposure to aggression, in whatever form, is likely to increase the potential for violence in observers, and this has serious implications.
Overall, the cognitive approach recognizes biological factors without regarding them as direct cause of aggressive behavior. Bandura, Despite the technical limitations, most studies are consistent with its claims, and the general aggression model in particular has great potential for future research.
Both heredity and social learning are important factors, and human beings, it seems, are neither driven completely by their urges nor helplessly vulnerable to environmental influences. Thus, in order to fully understand the complicated nature of aggression, further research is required into both factors before drawing any final conclusion.
Nature and nurture both plays a very important life in human being The conclusion says it all: "Both heredity and social learning are important factors and human beings it seems are neither driven completely by their urges, nor helplessly vulnerable to environmental influences.
Nature and nurture both contribute to aggressive behavior and thus we have to major on both sides to know the real causes of aggression. How does this APA citation look?
Everything in swirly brackets should be italicized, but I can't do that in this post. Also, you'll want to indent the second line 5 spaces. As is the growing trend, this is a gross mischaracterization of psychoanalytic theory and an overvaluation of cognitive theory based on a fetishization of "empirical support" i. I am not blaming you, the author, however, but our current culture around these issues.
There a limited number of citations in the psychoanalytic section, mostly Freud. To be frank, it is a very shallow reading of Freud, who was constantly revising his theory. The unfalsifiability claim is pervasive and yet you do not elaborate it here. In fact you contradict yourself: the evidence you present that controverts social cognitive theories supports the idea that aggression is innate.
Further, the evidence you present in favor of social cognitive theory only supports the hypothesis that aggressive BEHAVIOR is learnt, not aggression itself.
So in fact your presentation draws a false dichotomy in the two theories, which, taken this way can in fact coexist: Aggression can be innate, while aggressive theory is learnt. You even initially present psychoanalytic theory as recognizing that behaviors are learned and aggression is dealt with differently, depending upon a number of learning experiences, including, but not limited to, the parent-infant attachment system. You go on to contradict yourself by saying that in psychoanalytic theory aggression is inevitable and the individual is at its mercy, ignoring the role of the ego in modulating aggression as well as a major tenet of psychoanalytic theory speaking to the agency of the individual.
There is empirical support demonstrating these theories, if you would take the time to read anything more up to date than Freud.
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